Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana

Edward Akurugu; Abdul-Majeed Issahaku; Abdul-Samed Aliou

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana

Edward Akurugu, Abdul-Majeed Issahaku, Abdul-Samed Aliou

Published in Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 27 June 2018 Accepted: 9 July 2018 Published: 6 August 2018

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The issue of waste management has become a daunting challenge for many countries particularly for developing countries. The adverse effects of waste on human lives and the environment have reached scary levels that call for a thorough assessment of waste management systems across the globe and in particular developing countries. In Bolgatanga municipality of the Upper East Region of Ghana, the situation of waste disposal is appalling exposing residents to all kinds of health related risk. City authorities who have the responsibility of ensuring that the environment is clean and safe for habitation are confronted with the serious burden of managing waste disposal in the municipality. This study therefore sought to examine a set of 18 variables relevant to the topic under investigation and how they relate to influence solid waste management in the municipality from the perspective of residents of the Bolgatanga municipality through the application of Factor Analysis. The object of this approach is to identify a set of indicator variables that amalgamate to form common factors. The opinions of 400 subjects on Solid Waste Management in the municipality were successfully collected through the administration of questionnaires and analyzed. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that the correlation matrix was not an identity matrix and a KMO value of 0.797 described as “middling” was obtained. These provided the necessary and sufficient grounds for the application of Factor Analysis to the data. Further analysis of the data revealed five latent factors which are Institutional Dormancy, Financial Constraint, Infrastructural Lapses, Accessibility and Behavioral Canker as factors that need to be addressed in order to improve the status of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga municipality.

Published in	Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
Page(s)	99-109
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Waste Management, Factor Analysis, Institutional Dormancy, Financial Constraint, Infrastructural Lapses, Accessibility and Behavioral Canker

References

[1]	Environment Protection Authority (2009). Waste Guidelines, South Australia. https://www.epa.sa.gov.au/files/4771336_guide_waste_definitions.pdf
[2]	United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), (1997). Glossary of Environment Statistics.
[3]	Kanbur, R., et al (2000). World development report 2000/2001: attacking poverty. World development report. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
[4]	Wokekoro, E. (2007). Solid Waste Management in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Harcourt Metropolis. International Conference “Waste Management, Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development (ICWMEGGSD'07 - GzO'07)” Ljubljana, SLOVENIA, August 28-30.
[5]	Mwayafu, D. (2010). Waste plastic Disposal: A grave problem UCSD. www.ugandacoalition.or.ug/sites/default/files/Waste%20plastic%20Disposalpdf.pdf
[6]	Abagale, K. F., Mensah, A. and Osei, A. R. (2012). “Urban solid waste sorting in a growing city of Ghana”, International Journal of Environment and Sustainability, Vol. 1, No. 4, Pp 18-25, available online at www.sciencetarget.com
[7]	Oyelola, O. T., Babatunde, A. I. and Abiodun, A. A. (2011), “Appraisal of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Lagos Metropolis”, Wilolud Journals, Vol. 2, No. 2, Pp 1-7. Available on line at wwwiloludjournal.com
[8]	Zhu, D., et al. (2008). Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: A Source Book for Policy Makers and Practitioners. World Bank, Washington D. C.
[9]	Narayana, T. (2009). Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: From Waste Disposal to Recovery of Resources? Waste Management, 29(3), 1163-1166. doi: 10. 1016/j. wasman. 2008. 06. 038.
[10]	Oteng-Ababio, M., Melara, J. E. and Gabbay, O. (2012). Solid waste management in African cities: Sorting the facts from the fads in Accra, Ghana, Habitat International, 39:96-104.
[11]	Grossmann, D., Hudson, J. F. & Marks, D. H. (1974). Waste generation models for solid waste collection. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, 100(6), 1219–1230.
[12]	Wertz, K. L. (1976). Economic factors influencing household’s production of refuse. Journal of Environmental Management and Economics, 2, 263–272.
[13]	Medina, M. (1997). The effect of income on municipal solid waste generation rates for countries of varying levels of economic development: A model. Journal of Resource Management and Technology, 24, 149–155.
[14]	UNEP, International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management, (IETC) Technical Publication, no. 6, 2002.
[15]	Nilanthi, J. G. J. B., et al. (2006). Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors: A case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 135, 31–39.
[16]	Gidde, M. R., Todkar, V. V. & Kokate, K. K. (2008). Municipal solid waste management in emerging mega cities: a case of study of Pune city. Proceedings of Indo Italian Conference on Green and Clean Environment, Pune, India (March 20-21).
[17]	Minghua, Z., et al. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in Pudong New Area, China. Waste Management, 29:1227-1233. doi:10. 1016/j. wasman. 2008. 07. 016.
[18]	Afroz, R., Hanaki, K. and Tudin, R. (2010). Factors affecting waste generation: a study in a waste management program in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 179:509–519. DOI 10. 1007/s10661-010-1753-4.
[19]	Ukpong, I. E. and Udofia, E. P. (2011). Domestic Solid Waste Management in a Rapidly Growing Nigerian City of Uyo. Journal of Human Ecology, 36(3), 229-235.
[20]	Thanh, N. P., Matsui, Y. and Fujiwara, T. (2011). Assessment of plastic waste generation and its potential recycling of household solid waste in Can Tho City, Vietnam. Environ. Monit Assess, 175:23-35
[21]	Olukanni, D. O. and Akinyinka, M. O. (2012). Environment, Health and Wealth: Towards an Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. Proc. ICCEM (2012), pp. 138 – 145.
[22]	Wilson, D. C., et al. (2012). Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities. Waste Management & Research, 30(3):237-254. DOI: 10. 1177/0734242X12437569.
[23]	Tahir, M., Hussain, T. and Behaylu, A. (2015). Scenerio of Present and Future of Solid Waste Generation in India: A Case study of Delhi Mega City. J. of Environ and Earth Sci., 5(8), 83-91.
[24]	Loboka, M. K., et al. (2013). Municipal solid waste management practices and fecal coliform water contamination in the cities of the developing countries: The case of Juba, South Sudan. Int. J. Environ. Sci., 3(5): 1614-1624.
[25]	Jilani, T. (2002). State of Solid Waste Management in Khulna City, Unpublished Undergraduate thesis, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University Khulna, pp. 25– 85.
[26]	Suchitra, M. (2007). Outside: Burnt or buried, garbage needs land, Down to Earth, pp 22–24.
[27]	Bean, E. A., Rovers, F. A. and Farquhar, G. J. (1995). Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design, Prentice Hall, NJ, pp380.
[28]	WHO (World Health Organization), (2000). The world health report 2000: Health systems: Improving performance. WHO, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
[29]	UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), (1996). Kenya Waste Management Sector. Chapter 2. http://www.unep.org/PDF/Kenya_waste_mngnt_sector/chapter2.pdf
[30]	Boadi, K. O. and Markku, K. (2005). Environment and health impacts of household solid waste handling and disposal practices in the third world cities: The case of Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. J. Environ. Health, 68(4): 34-36.
[31]	Domfeh, K. (2009). Some environmental factors affecting health in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Environments, 27: 1-13.
[32]	Attipoe, D. (1996). The Community environment and health: The role of metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies. Paper presented at the Ghana Medical Association Annual General and Scientific Meeting.
[33]	Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) Environmental Sanitation Policy 2009 (Revised 2010). Government of Ghana, 2010.
[34]	Ghana Statistical Service (2010). 2010 Population and housing Census, District Analytical Report, Bolgatanga Municipality.
[35]	Ampofo, S., Kumi, E. and Ampadu, B. (2015). Investigating Solid Waste Management in the Bolgatanga Municipality of the Upper East Region, Ghana. Environment and Pollution; Vol. 4, No. 3; 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v4n3p27
[36]	Mwanthi, M. A., Nyabola, L. O. and Tenambergen, E. (1997). Solid waste management in Nairobi City: Knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Environmental Health, 60(5), 23-29.
[37]	Goett, J. (1998). Waste and resource: Household management of solid waste on the North Coast of Honduras. Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers, 24, 111-119.
[38]	Hilburn, A. M. (2015). Participatory risk mapping of garbage-related issues in a rural Mexican municipality. Geographical Review, 105(1), 41-60.
[39]	Kofoworola, O. F. (2007). “Recovery and recycling practices in municipal solid waste management in Lagos, Nigeria”, Waste Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 9, Pp 1139-1143.
[40]	Aliu, I. R., Adeyemi, O. E. and Adebayo, A. (2014). Municipal Household Solid Waste Collection Strategies in an African megacity: Analysis of Public Private Partnership Performance in Lagos. Waste Mgt. and Res., 32(9), 67-78.
[41]	Schubeller, P., Wehrle, K. and Christen, J. (1996), “Urban Management and Infrastructure. Conceptual Framework for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Low-Income Countries”. Working Paper No. 9., UNDP/UNCHS (Habitat/World Bank/SDC Collaborative Programme on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Low- Income Countries). St. Gallen, SKAT.
[42]	Gilpin, A. (1996). “Dictionary of Environment and Development”, John Wiley and Sons, Chester and New York.
[43]	Gbekor, A. (2003). “Domestic Waste Management”, Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Newsletter, Vol. 47, No. 5. Ghana EPA, Accra.
[44]	Joseph, K. (2006). Stakeholder participation for sustainable waste management. Habitat Int, 30: 863-871.
[45]	UN-HABITAT (2010). Collection of Municipal Solid Waste in Developing Countries. Malta: Gutenberg Press.
[46]	Worrel, W. A. and Vesilind P. A. (2012). Solid Waste Engineering. Second Edition, Cengage Learning, Stanford, CT.
[47]	Melosi, M. V. (1981). Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform, and Environment, 1880-1980, first ed. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Tex.
[48]	Pfammatter, R., and Schertenleib, R. (1996). Nongovernmental refuse collection in low-income urban areas (Lessons learned from selected schemes in Asia, Africa and Latin America. SANDEC Report No. 1/96). Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries. Duebendorf, Switzerland: EAWAG/SANDEC.
[49]	Sinha, A. and Enayetullah, M. I. (2000). Community based solid waste management: The Asian experience. Dhaka: Waste Concern & USAID.
[50]	Henry R. K, Yongsheng, Z. and Jun D. (2006). Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing countries – Kenyan case study. Waste Management 26(1), 92-100.
[51]	Wilson, D. C. (2007). Development drivers for solid waste management. Waste Management and Research, 25(3), 198-207.
[52]	Medina, M. (2010). Solid Wastes, Poverty and the Environment in Developing Country Cities: Challenges and Opportunities. WIDER Working Paper 2010/023. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.
[53]	Achankeng, E. (2003). Globalisation, Urbanisation and Municipality Solid Waste management in Africa. Proceedings of the African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific, 2003, Africa on a Global Stage.
[54]	Wang, H., He, J., Kimand, Y. and Kamata, T. (2011). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Small Towns: An Economic Analysis Conducted in Yunnan, China. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 5767. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3529
[55]	Yousif, D. F. and Scott, S. (2007). Governing solid waste in Mazatengo, Guetemala. International Development Planning Review, 29(4), 433-450. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.29.4.2
[56]	Okot-Okumu, J. and Nyenje, R. (2011). Municipal solid waste management under decentralisation in Uganda. Habital International, 35, 537-543.
[57]	Alnaa S. E., Ahiakpor F. and Aglobitse P. B. (2011). Willingness to Pay for Efficient Waste Management: The Case of Bolgatanga Municipality. The Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences (JOSS) 6(1): 170-189.
[58]	Buzong B. Y., Maxwell A. G. & Maurice M. B. (2016). State of Waste Management and the Willingness of Households to Sort Plastic Wastes before Disposal in Bolgatanga Municipality. Haya: Saudi J. Life Sci.; Vol-1, Iss-2(Apr-Jun, 2016):76-84. DOI: 10. 21276/haya. 2016. 1. 2. 4.
[59]	Songsore, J. and McGranaham, G. (1993). Environment, wealth and health: Towards an analysis of intra-urban differentials within the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Environment and Urbanization, 5 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789300500203
[60]	Boyacioglu, H., Buyaciouglu, H. and Gunduz, O. (2005). Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Surface Water Quality in Buyuk Menderes River Basin. European Water, 9(10): 43-49.
[61]	Srivastava, S. K. and Ramanathan, A. L. (2007). Geochemical assessment of groundwater quality in vicinity of Bhalswa landfill, Delhi, India, using graphical and multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Geology 53: 1509-1528.
[62]	Bustamante, M. A., et al. (2010). Use of chemometrics in the chemical and microbiological characterization of composts from agro industrial wastes. Bioresour. Technol., 101(11): 4068-4074. DOI: 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 01. 085.
[63]	Lin C., et al. (2011). Multivariate Statistical Factor and Cluster Analyses for Selecting Food Waste Optimal Recycling Methods. Environ. Eng. Sci., 28:349-356.
[64]	Comfrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[65]	Rosie, C. (2007). Factor Analysis, Mathematics Learning Support Centre. http://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/factoranalysis.pdf
[66]	Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. doi:10. 1207/s15327906mbr0102_10.
[67]	Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141–151. doi: 10. 1177/001316446002000116.
[68]	Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. doi:10. 1007/BF02289447.
[69]	John R. and Brendan, R. (2012). Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in an Exploratory Factor Analysis Using Comparison Data of Known Factorial Structure, Psychological Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 2, 282–292. DOI: 10. 1037/a002569.
[70]	Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[71]	Henson, R. K. and Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. doi: 10. 1177/0013164405282485.
[72]	Turner, N. E. (1998). The effect of common variance and structure pattern on random data eigenvalues: Implications for the accuracy of parallel analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 541–568. doi: 10. 1177/0013164498058004001.
[73]	Fabrigar, L.R., et al. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. doi: 10. 1037/1082-989X. 4.3. 272.
[74]	Churchill, G. A., JR. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Research Constructs”, Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
[75]	Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factor simplicity. Psychometrika, 39: 31–36.
[76]	Al-Khatib, I. A., et al. (2009). Enhanced solid waste management by understanding the effects of gender, income, marital status, and religious convictions on attitudes and practices related to street littering in Nablus – Palestinian territory. Waste Management, 29(1), 449-455. DOI:10. 1016/j. wasman. 2008. 02. 004.
[77]	Aini, M. S., et al. (2002). Practices, attitudes and motives for domestic waste recycling. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 9(3), 232.
[78]	Mariwah, S. (2012), “Institutional arrangements for managing solid waste in the Shama-Ahanta-East Metropolis, Ghana”, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Volume 14, No. 6, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania.
[79]	Marshall R. E. & Farahbaksh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Management, 33, 988-1003.
[80]	Sujauddin, M., Huda S. M. S. and Hoque A. T. M. R. (2008). Household solid waste characteristics and management in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Waste Manage, 28(9): 1688-1695.
[81]	Burnley, S. J. (2007). A review of municipal solid waste composition in the United Kingdom Waste Manage., 27(10), 1274-1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.018
[82]	Al-Khatib, I. A., et al. (2010). Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district – Palestine. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(5), 1131-1138. doi:10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2010. 01. 003.
[83]	Al-Khatib, I. A., et al. (2015). Public perception of hazardousness caused by current trends of municipal solid waste management. Waste Management, 36:323-330. doi: 10. 1016/j. wasman. 2014. 10. 026.
[84]	Hoornweg, D. and Giannelli, N. (2007). Managing municipal solid waste in Latin America and the Caribbean: Integrating the private sector, harnessing incentives. Gridlines, No. 28. World Bank, Washington DC.
[85]	Bolaane, B. (2006). Constraints to promoting people centred approaches in recycling. Habitat International, 30(4), 731-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.10.002.
[86]	Oteng-Ababio, M. (2011). Missing links in solid waste management in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in Ghana. GeoJournal, 76(5), 551-560.
[87]	O'Connell, E. J. (2011). Increasing public participation in municipal solid waste reduction. Geographical Bulletin, 52(2), 105-118.
[88]	Périou, C. (2012). Waste: The challenges facing developing countries. Proparco's Magazine, 1-27.
[89]	Venkateswaran, S. (1994). Managing waste: Ecological, economic and social dimensions. Economic and Political Weekly, 29(45/46), 2907-2911.
[90]	Milea, A. (2009). Waste as a social dilemma: Issues of social and environmental justice and the role of residents in municipal solid waste management, Delhi, India. Master's thesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Edward Akurugu, Abdul-Majeed Issahaku, Abdul-Samed Aliou. (2018). Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 6(3), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Edward Akurugu; Abdul-Majeed Issahaku; Abdul-Samed Aliou. Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Sci. J. Appl. Math. Stat. 2018, 6(3), 99-109. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Edward Akurugu, Abdul-Majeed Issahaku, Abdul-Samed Aliou. Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Sci J Appl Math Stat. 2018;6(3):99-109. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15,
  author = {Edward Akurugu and Abdul-Majeed Issahaku and Abdul-Samed Aliou},
  title = {Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana},
  journal = {Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {99-109},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjams.20180603.15},
  abstract = {The issue of waste management has become a daunting challenge for many countries particularly for developing countries. The adverse effects of waste on human lives and the environment have reached scary levels that call for a thorough assessment of waste management systems across the globe and in particular developing countries. In Bolgatanga municipality of the Upper East Region of Ghana, the situation of waste disposal is appalling exposing residents to all kinds of health related risk. City authorities who have the responsibility of ensuring that the environment is clean and safe for habitation are confronted with the serious burden of managing waste disposal in the municipality. This study therefore sought to examine a set of 18 variables relevant to the topic under investigation and how they relate to influence solid waste management in the municipality from the perspective of residents of the Bolgatanga municipality through the application of Factor Analysis. The object of this approach is to identify a set of indicator variables that amalgamate to form common factors. The opinions of 400 subjects on Solid Waste Management in the municipality were successfully collected through the administration of questionnaires and analyzed. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that the correlation matrix was not an identity matrix and a KMO value of 0.797 described as “middling” was obtained. These provided the necessary and sufficient grounds for the application of Factor Analysis to the data. Further analysis of the data revealed five latent factors which are Institutional Dormancy, Financial Constraint, Infrastructural Lapses, Accessibility and Behavioral Canker as factors that need to be addressed in order to improve the status of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga municipality.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana
AU  - Edward Akurugu
AU  - Abdul-Majeed Issahaku
AU  - Abdul-Samed Aliou
Y1  - 2018/08/06
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
T2  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JF  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JO  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
SP  - 99
EP  - 109
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-9513
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
AB  - The issue of waste management has become a daunting challenge for many countries particularly for developing countries. The adverse effects of waste on human lives and the environment have reached scary levels that call for a thorough assessment of waste management systems across the globe and in particular developing countries. In Bolgatanga municipality of the Upper East Region of Ghana, the situation of waste disposal is appalling exposing residents to all kinds of health related risk. City authorities who have the responsibility of ensuring that the environment is clean and safe for habitation are confronted with the serious burden of managing waste disposal in the municipality. This study therefore sought to examine a set of 18 variables relevant to the topic under investigation and how they relate to influence solid waste management in the municipality from the perspective of residents of the Bolgatanga municipality through the application of Factor Analysis. The object of this approach is to identify a set of indicator variables that amalgamate to form common factors. The opinions of 400 subjects on Solid Waste Management in the municipality were successfully collected through the administration of questionnaires and analyzed. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that the correlation matrix was not an identity matrix and a KMO value of 0.797 described as “middling” was obtained. These provided the necessary and sufficient grounds for the application of Factor Analysis to the data. Further analysis of the data revealed five latent factors which are Institutional Dormancy, Financial Constraint, Infrastructural Lapses, Accessibility and Behavioral Canker as factors that need to be addressed in order to improve the status of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga municipality.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Edward Akurugu

Department of Statistics, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Bolgatanga, Ghana
Abdul-Majeed Issahaku

Department of Statistics, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Bolgatanga, Ghana
Abdul-Samed Aliou

Department of Earth Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Edward Akurugu, Abdul-Majeed Issahaku, Abdul-Samed Aliou. (2018). Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 6(3), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Edward Akurugu; Abdul-Majeed Issahaku; Abdul-Samed Aliou. Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Sci. J. Appl. Math. Stat. 2018, 6(3), 99-109. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Edward Akurugu, Abdul-Majeed Issahaku, Abdul-Samed Aliou. Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Sci J Appl Math Stat. 2018;6(3):99-109. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15,
  author = {Edward Akurugu and Abdul-Majeed Issahaku and Abdul-Samed Aliou},
  title = {Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana},
  journal = {Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {99-109},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjams.20180603.15},
  abstract = {The issue of waste management has become a daunting challenge for many countries particularly for developing countries. The adverse effects of waste on human lives and the environment have reached scary levels that call for a thorough assessment of waste management systems across the globe and in particular developing countries. In Bolgatanga municipality of the Upper East Region of Ghana, the situation of waste disposal is appalling exposing residents to all kinds of health related risk. City authorities who have the responsibility of ensuring that the environment is clean and safe for habitation are confronted with the serious burden of managing waste disposal in the municipality. This study therefore sought to examine a set of 18 variables relevant to the topic under investigation and how they relate to influence solid waste management in the municipality from the perspective of residents of the Bolgatanga municipality through the application of Factor Analysis. The object of this approach is to identify a set of indicator variables that amalgamate to form common factors. The opinions of 400 subjects on Solid Waste Management in the municipality were successfully collected through the administration of questionnaires and analyzed. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that the correlation matrix was not an identity matrix and a KMO value of 0.797 described as “middling” was obtained. These provided the necessary and sufficient grounds for the application of Factor Analysis to the data. Further analysis of the data revealed five latent factors which are Institutional Dormancy, Financial Constraint, Infrastructural Lapses, Accessibility and Behavioral Canker as factors that need to be addressed in order to improve the status of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga municipality.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana
AU  - Edward Akurugu
AU  - Abdul-Majeed Issahaku
AU  - Abdul-Samed Aliou
Y1  - 2018/08/06
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
T2  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JF  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JO  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
SP  - 99
EP  - 109
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-9513
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20180603.15
AB  - The issue of waste management has become a daunting challenge for many countries particularly for developing countries. The adverse effects of waste on human lives and the environment have reached scary levels that call for a thorough assessment of waste management systems across the globe and in particular developing countries. In Bolgatanga municipality of the Upper East Region of Ghana, the situation of waste disposal is appalling exposing residents to all kinds of health related risk. City authorities who have the responsibility of ensuring that the environment is clean and safe for habitation are confronted with the serious burden of managing waste disposal in the municipality. This study therefore sought to examine a set of 18 variables relevant to the topic under investigation and how they relate to influence solid waste management in the municipality from the perspective of residents of the Bolgatanga municipality through the application of Factor Analysis. The object of this approach is to identify a set of indicator variables that amalgamate to form common factors. The opinions of 400 subjects on Solid Waste Management in the municipality were successfully collected through the administration of questionnaires and analyzed. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that the correlation matrix was not an identity matrix and a KMO value of 0.797 described as “middling” was obtained. These provided the necessary and sufficient grounds for the application of Factor Analysis to the data. Further analysis of the data revealed five latent factors which are Institutional Dormancy, Financial Constraint, Infrastructural Lapses, Accessibility and Behavioral Canker as factors that need to be addressed in order to improve the status of Solid Waste Management in Bolgatanga municipality.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download